Responsive DesignMasterclass

Mobile-First bedeutet, dass das Design für mobile Geräte entwickelt und dann progressiv für größere Bildschirme erweitert wird.

Mobile-First CSS Struktur:

/* Base Styles (Mobile First) */
.container {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 1rem;
  margin: 0 auto;
}

.grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.card {
  background: white;
  padding: 1.5rem;
  border-radius: 8px;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}

/* Tablet Styles */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 768px;
    padding: 2rem;
  }
  
  .grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);
    gap: 1.5rem;
  }
}

/* Desktop Styles */
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1200px;
  }
  
  .grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);
    gap: 2rem;
  }
  
  .card {
    padding: 2rem;
  }
}

/* Large Desktop */
@media (min-width: 1440px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1440px;
  }
  
  .grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
  }
}

Viewport Meta Tag:

<!-- Essential für responsive Design -->
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<!-- Erweiterte Optionen -->
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=5.0, user-scalable=yes">

<!-- Für PWAs -->
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover">

Responsive Grid System:

/* Auto-fit Grid - Columns passen sich automatisch an */
.auto-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem;
}

/* Named Grid Lines für komplexe Layouts */
.layout-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 
    [full-start] minmax(1rem, 1fr)
    [content-start] minmax(0, 1200px)
    [content-end] minmax(1rem, 1fr)
    [full-end];
  grid-template-rows: auto 1fr auto;
  min-height: 100vh;
}

.header {
  grid-column: full;
  background: #333;
  padding: 1rem;
}

.main {
  grid-column: content;
  padding: 2rem 0;
}

.footer {
  grid-column: full;
  background: #333;
  padding: 1rem;
}

/* Responsive Grid Areas */
.page-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-areas: 
    "header"
    "main"
    "sidebar"
    "footer";
  gap: 1rem;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .page-grid {
    grid-template-areas: 
      "header header"
      "main sidebar"
      "footer footer";
    grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1024px) {
  .page-grid {
    grid-template-areas: 
      "header header header"
      "sidebar main aside"
      "footer footer footer";
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr 1fr;
  }
}

.header { grid-area: header; }
.main { grid-area: main; }
.sidebar { grid-area: sidebar; }
.footer { grid-area: footer; }

Grid Container Queries (Modern):

/* Container Queries - basierend auf Container-Größe, nicht Viewport */
.card-container {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: card;
}

.card {
  padding: 1rem;
  background: white;
  border-radius: 8px;
}

/* Wenn Container mindestens 300px breit ist */
@container card (min-width: 300px) {
  .card {
    padding: 1.5rem;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
    gap: 1rem;
  }
}

/* Wenn Container mindestens 500px breit ist */
@container card (min-width: 500px) {
  .card {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr 1fr;
  }
}

Responsive Flexbox Patterns:

/* Flexible Navigation */
.nav {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-between;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1rem;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.nav-links {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1rem;
  list-style: none;
}

/* Mobile: Stack vertically */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .nav {
    flex-direction: column;
    text-align: center;
  }
  
  .nav-links {
    justify-content: center;
  }
}

/* Card Layout mit Flexbox */
.card-flex {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  height: 100%;
}

.card-header {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  padding: 1rem;
  background: #f5f5f5;
}

.card-body {
  flex-grow: 1;
  padding: 1rem;
}

.card-footer {
  flex-shrink: 0;
  padding: 1rem;
  background: #f5f5f5;
  margin-top: auto;
}

/* Responsive Equal Height Columns */
.flex-columns {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.flex-column {
  flex: 1;
  min-width: 250px;
  background: white;
  padding: 1.5rem;
  border-radius: 8px;
}

/* Holy Grail Layout mit Flexbox */
.holy-grail {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  min-height: 100vh;
}

.holy-grail-header,
.holy-grail-footer {
  background: #333;
  color: white;
  padding: 1rem;
}

.holy-grail-body {
  display: flex;
  flex: 1;
}

.holy-grail-content {
  flex: 1;
  padding: 1rem;
}

.holy-grail-nav,
.holy-grail-ads {
  flex: 0 0 12em;
  padding: 1rem;
  background: #f5f5f5;
}

/* Mobile: Stack vertically */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
  .holy-grail-body {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
  
  .holy-grail-nav,
  .holy-grail-ads {
    flex: none;
  }
}

Standard Breakpoints:

/* Empfohlene Breakpoints */
:root {
  --breakpoint-xs: 0;
  --breakpoint-sm: 576px;
  --breakpoint-md: 768px;
  --breakpoint-lg: 992px;
  --breakpoint-xl: 1200px;
  --breakpoint-xxl: 1400px;
}

/* Mobile First Media Queries */
/* Extra Small devices (phones, less than 576px) */
/* Default styles hier */

/* Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up) */
@media (min-width: 576px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 540px;
  }
}

/* Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up) */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 720px;
  }
  
  .text-md-left {
    text-align: left;
  }
}

/* Large devices (desktops, 992px and up) */
@media (min-width: 992px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 960px;
  }
}

/* Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up) */
@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1140px;
  }
}

/* XXL devices (larger desktops, 1400px and up) */
@media (min-width: 1400px) {
  .container {
    max-width: 1320px;
  }
}

Advanced Media Queries:

/* Orientation Media Queries */
@media (orientation: portrait) {
  .card {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

@media (orientation: landscape) {
  .card {
    width: 50%;
  }
}

/* Aspect Ratio */
@media (min-aspect-ratio: 16/9) {
  .hero {
    height: 50vh;
  }
}

/* High DPI Displays */
@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 192dpi) {
  .logo {
    background-image: url('logo@2x.png');
    background-size: 100px 50px;
  }
}

/* Reduced Motion für Accessibility */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

/* Dark Mode */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    --color-bg: #1a1a1a;
    --color-text: #ffffff;
  }
}

/* Print Styles */
@media print {
  .no-print {
    display: none;
  }
  
  body {
    font-size: 12pt;
    line-height: 1.5;
  }
  
  a::after {
    content: " (" attr(href) ")";
  }
}

Viewport Units Übersicht:

/* Viewport Width (vw) - 1vw = 1% der Viewport-Breite */
.full-width {
  width: 100vw;
  margin-left: calc(-50vw + 50%);
}

/* Viewport Height (vh) - 1vh = 1% der Viewport-Höhe */
.full-height {
  height: 100vh;
}

.hero-section {
  height: 80vh;
  min-height: 500px; /* Fallback für sehr kleine Screens */
}

/* Viewport Minimum (vmin) - 1vmin = 1% der kleineren Dimension */
.square {
  width: 50vmin;
  height: 50vmin;
}

/* Viewport Maximum (vmax) - 1vmax = 1% der größeren Dimension */
.responsive-text {
  font-size: 4vmax;
}

/* Moderne Dynamic Viewport Units (iOS Safari Fix) */
.modern-full-height {
  height: 100dvh; /* Dynamic Viewport Height */
}

.sticky-header {
  height: 60px;
}

.content-area {
  height: calc(100dvh - 60px);
  overflow-y: auto;
}

/* Clamp für responsive Werte */
.responsive-container {
  width: clamp(320px, 90vw, 1200px);
  padding: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 3rem);
}

.responsive-title {
  font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 3rem);
  line-height: clamp(1.2, 1.5, 1.8);
}

/* Container Queries mit Viewport Units kombinieren */
.fluid-typography {
  font-size: clamp(
    1rem,
    0.8rem + 0.5vw,
    1.2rem
  );
}

CSS Custom Properties für responsive Design:

/* Responsive Custom Properties */
:root {
  --container-padding: clamp(1rem, 5vw, 3rem);
  --section-spacing: clamp(2rem, 8vw, 6rem);
  --text-size-sm: clamp(0.875rem, 2vw, 1rem);
  --text-size-base: clamp(1rem, 2.5vw, 1.125rem);
  --text-size-lg: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 1.5rem);
  --text-size-xl: clamp(1.5rem, 6vw, 2.5rem);
}

.container {
  padding: var(--container-padding);
}

.section {
  margin: var(--section-spacing) 0;
}

.text-lg {
  font-size: var(--text-size-lg);
}

/* Responsive Breakpoint Variables */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  :root {
    --container-padding: 2rem;
    --section-spacing: 4rem;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  :root {
    --container-padding: 3rem;
    --section-spacing: 6rem;
  }
}

Responsive Image Techniken:

/* Basis responsive Image */
.responsive-img {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

/* Srcset für verschiedene Auflösungen */
<img
  src="image-800w.jpg"
  srcset="
    image-400w.jpg 400w,
    image-800w.jpg 800w,
    image-1200w.jpg 1200w,
    image-1600w.jpg 1600w
  "
  sizes="
    (max-width: 400px) 100vw,
    (max-width: 800px) 80vw,
    (max-width: 1200px) 60vw,
    40vw
  "
  alt="Responsive image example"
/>

/* Picture Element für Art Direction */
<picture>
  <source
    media="(min-width: 1200px)"
    srcset="hero-desktop.jpg"
  />
  <source
    media="(min-width: 768px)"
    srcset="hero-tablet.jpg"
  />
  <img
    src="hero-mobile.jpg"
    alt="Hero image"
    class="responsive-img"
  />
</picture>

/* CSS Object-fit für Bildanpassung */
.image-container {
  width: 100%;
  height: 200px;
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 8px;
}

.fitted-image {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
}

/* Aspect Ratio Container */
.aspect-ratio-container {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
  padding-bottom: 56.25%; /* 16:9 Aspect Ratio */
}

.aspect-ratio-content {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

/* Modern Aspect Ratio mit CSS */
.modern-aspect-ratio {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  width: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

/* Background Images responsive */
.hero-bg {
  background-image: url('hero-mobile.jpg');
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
  min-height: 50vh;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .hero-bg {
    background-image: url('hero-tablet.jpg');
    min-height: 70vh;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 1200px) {
  .hero-bg {
    background-image: url('hero-desktop.jpg');
    min-height: 80vh;
  }
}

Fluid Typography:

/* Fluid Typography mit clamp() */
:root {
  /* min, preferred (with viewport unit), max */
  --font-size-sm: clamp(0.8rem, 0.17vw + 0.76rem, 0.89rem);
  --font-size-base: clamp(1rem, 0.34vw + 0.91rem, 1.19rem);
  --font-size-lg: clamp(1.25rem, 0.61vw + 1.1rem, 1.58rem);
  --font-size-xl: clamp(1.56rem, 1.03vw + 1.31rem, 2.11rem);
  --font-size-xxl: clamp(1.95rem, 1.56vw + 1.56rem, 2.81rem);
  --font-size-xxxl: clamp(2.44rem, 2.38vw + 1.85rem, 3.75rem);
}

h1 { font-size: var(--font-size-xxxl); }
h2 { font-size: var(--font-size-xxl); }
h3 { font-size: var(--font-size-xl); }
h4 { font-size: var(--font-size-lg); }
p { font-size: var(--font-size-base); }
small { font-size: var(--font-size-sm); }

/* Responsive Line Height */
.text-content {
  line-height: clamp(1.3, 0.5vw + 1.2, 1.6);
}

/* Responsive Letter Spacing */
.heading {
  letter-spacing: clamp(-0.02em, 0.01vw + -0.02em, 0em);
}

/* Responsive Text Alignment */
.responsive-text {
  text-align: center;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .responsive-text {
    text-align: left;
  }
}

/* Optimal Reading Width */
.readable-content {
  max-width: 65ch; /* Optimal: 45-75 characters per line */
  margin: 0 auto;
}

/* Responsive Font Loading */
@font-face {
  font-family: 'CustomFont';
  src: url('font.woff2') format('woff2');
  font-display: swap;
}

/* Font Size Adjustments für verschiedene Viewports */
@media (max-width: 480px) {
  h1 {
    line-height: 1.1;
    letter-spacing: -0.02em;
  }
}

/* Text Truncation für mobile */
.text-truncate {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .text-truncate {
    white-space: normal;
    overflow: visible;
    text-overflow: initial;
  }
}